Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) was not only one of the greatest artists of his time, he was also a great engineer and scientist. A large part of his scientific work was dedicated to understanding the movement, circulation and physical characteristics of water in its different forms. This book aims to make Leonardo Da Vinci's contributions to the science of water accessible to a wider public and to compare his ideas with our present knowledge. Fascinating, revealing and inspiring, Leonardo Da Vinci's Water Theory opens up a new history to the study of water. Two hundred years before Newton, Perrault and Halley, Leonardo Da Vinci was doing hypothesis-driven science and describing and classifying hydrological processes. For example, he came close to the modern definition of the hydrological cycle, recognising that water passes through the major river systems countless times, summing up to volumes much greater than those contained in the world's oceans.

An in-depth overview of the role of the hydrological cycle within the climate system, including climate change impacts on hydrological reserves and fluxes, and the controls of terrestrial hydrology on regional and global climatology. This book, composed of self-contained chapters by specialists in hydrology and climate science, is intended to serve as a text for graduate and postgraduate courses in climate hydrology and hydroclimatology. It will also be of interest to scientists and engineers/practioners interested in the water cycle, weather prediction and climate change.

Hydrology: A Question of Balance is a unique hydrology text. It brings hydrological analysis to life by means of examples in which the author has been involved: numerous practical problems that had to be tackled (often despite limited data, resources and time) are described and the methods that were used to find a solution are explained. The application of a water balance is an essential component of solving these applied problems. John Sutcliffe offers the experience of a hydrologist with extraordinary practical expertise, assembled in areas with different climates, topographies, levels of development, and cultures. Projects in many countries, including Sudan, Iran, Senegal, Botswana, India, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Bosnia, Poland and the UK, are detailed to illustrate how hydrologists can, and need to, use all the available information to understand the hydrological context of their studies. Practising hydrologists and engineers, as well as students, will learn from this volume which complements standard hydrology textbooks.

An overview of ecohydrological processes operating in South America’s most important aquatic systems. River reaches ranging from pristine to heavily impacted and processes operating in channels, wetlands, and riparian environments are considered. The Amazon, Orinoco, and Paraná, receive the greatest attention, but the condition of the Piracicaba (São Paulo) and the Paraíba do Sul (Rio de Janeiro) are also evaluated. There is an urgent need for action— many spectacular ecosystems remain to be preserved. The natural attenuation processes in these ecosystems stand to aid South America in achieving its goal for sustainable use of its resources Ecohydrological processes serve to regulate environmental conditions within aquatic systems, maintaining energy levels, water quantity and water quality, within ranges suitable to native flora and fauna. South America, the wettest and most ecologically diverse continent on Earth with an unrivalled waterscape of giant rivers and wetlands, has great opportunities to capitalize on the natural attenuation effects of ecohydrological processes. South Americans have greatly benefited from the resources derived from their rivers and wetlands, but these aquatic systems have not generally benefited from their association with humans. Dam building, dredging, and canalization are expanding across the continent, eliminating the natural flow regimes of many river reaches and draining wetlands. Much riparian vegetation lying along river margins has been removed. Disturbance of riparian zones has changed the rates of material exchanges from land to aquatic systems, generally increasing erosion and contaminant fluxes. Uncontrolled waste discharges have also degraded water quality in many urban rivers and wetlands, with consequent negative impacts on the health of many urban and downstream rural poor

This book presents an account of the hydrology of the whole Nile basin, dealing with each tributary in turn but drawing attention to links between reaches. The Nile is shown to be a set of very different tributaries which came together by geological accident. Nevertheless, evidence from one part of the basin often throws light on a different area. Recent changes are discussed, in particular the dramatic change of regime of Lake Victoria and other lakes which occurred after 1961. The relationship between hydrology and vegetation affects the important wetlands of the White Nile basin, and discussion of this relationship includes the effect of increased lake outflows. The authors draw on the extensive records collected throughout the basin to paint a detailed hydrological picture of the regime of the Nile. The book is illustrated by over 100 diagrams and photographs, and its scope is indicated by the list of contents overleaf. J. V. Sutcliffe has worked on all the major Nile tributaries over a period of 50 years and has been the author of many papers and reports on the different hydrological problems. Y. P. Parks has worked on hydrological models of the Sudd and on water resources problems of several Nile tributaries

Floods are the most prevalent natural hazard in Europe. But, has flood risk increased in the continent? How, where, and why? Are climate change impacts apparent? How do socio-economic trends and associated land-use change impact flood risk? This interdisciplinary book, authored by an international team, offers: • A comprehensive overview of flood risk in Europe, past and present, and future • National/regional chapters covering Central Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe and Northern Europe, the Alpine region and the Iberian Peninsula. • A focus on detection and attribution of change with respect to climate change and its impacts, water resources and flood risk, the re-insurer’s view point, and future projections of flood risk • Rectification of common-place judgements, e.g.: “climate is warming so floods should become more frequent and intense”; observations do not always confirm this expectation

Isotope Hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes of water and its dissolved constituents to trace hydrological processes, including the pathways of rainfall and snowmelt to, and interactions between, aquifers, lakes and rivers. The potential of using stable isotopes of water was recognized in the 1930s, but not fully explored until the 1950s, since when the scope and nature of isotope applications in hydrology have blossomed. Improvements in measure¬ment techniques have facilitated use of isotopes in many contexts, and isotope hydrology has become mainstream, as documented in this volume of reprinted papers and accompanying commentaries. Section A. Fundamentals includes the first papers on deuterium, 18O and tritium contents in natural waters (Friedman, 1953; Epstein & Mayeda, 1953; Libby, 1953), and Craig’s (1961) seminal paper which defined the global meteoric water line used to understand the source of natural waters. The papers that shaped our understanding of isotopes in precipitation and global circulation, e.g. Dansgaard (1964) and Craig & Gordon (1965), come in B. Atmospheric Water Cycle. The early interpretation of isotope sequences in rock and ice, including the iconic Greenland ice sheet core (Dansgaard et al., 1969), are included in C. Palaeoclimates. D. River and Lake Hydrology contains influential papers on the use of isotopes to determine the origin of stream and lake waters. E. Groundwater deals with the origin of groundwaters, the earliest use of tritium, 14C, 81Kr and 36Cl to date them, and isotope applications in pollution and groundwater remediation. An excellent resource for graduate and post-graduate level courses in hydrology, reproducing many important papers which are otherwise difficult to access.

Forest hydrology emphasizes the influence of forests and their management on the regimen, quantity and quality of water in the environment. David R. DeWalle marks the important milestones in forest hydrology research with 29 benchmark papers, and provides the context in his commentaries. Foundations of Forest Hydrology includes the early review by Zon (1927) and the Wagon Wheel Gap paired watershed study (Bates & Henry, 1928). Forest Practices and Water Yields and Timing looks at the impacts of management on flows, with contributions by Hoover (1944) and Hewlett & Helvey (1970). Understanding and quantifying forest snow cover processes is represented by three papers in Forest Practices and Snow, including the early study by Wilm & Dunford (1948), while Forest Evapotranspiration considers the seminal developments in the direct measurement and estimation of losses from trees. Kittredge’s (1948) review is included in Hydrological Processes and Forests, which covers interception losses, soil moisture, hydraulic lift and precipitation from fog. The shift in focus from water quantity to quality is reflected in Forests and Water Quality. Finally, Forest Practices and Erosion considers the processes of sediment generation and consequent stream sediment loads associated with logging roads and forest harvesting. An excellent resource for graduate and post-graduate level courses in forestry and hydrology, reproducing many important papers which are otherwise difficult to access.

In the short term, hydrology responds to the topography, soils and vegetation of the landscape, but over longer time spans the entire landscape is moulded by the flow of water. The process scale ranges from the splash erosion by individual raindrops to the accumulation of sediment as alluvial fans, to the evolution of drainage networks. Kirkby presents a systematic analysis of the relationships between hydrology and geomorphology with commentaries on the papers which have been most influential in the development of research at the hydrology/geomorphology interface. Thirty-seven papers are reprinted in full or in part, the majority published pre-1970, including early contributions by Fisher (1866), Davison (1889) and Gilbert (1909), and seminal papers by Hack, Strahler, Wolman & Miller, and Melton, among others. An excellent resource for graduate and post-graduate level courses in geomorphology and hydrology, reproducing many important papers which are otherwise difficult to access.